![]() ![]() Causes of the marine productivity and oxygen changes associated with the Permian–Triassic boundary: a reevaluation with ocean general circulation models. ![]() Temperature-dependent hypoxia explains biogeography and severity of end-Permian marine mass extinction. Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago, Updated Edition, vol. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary: a review. Marine anoxia and delayed Earth system recovery after the end-Permian extinction. Rapid expansion of oceanic anoxia immediately before the end-Permian mass extinction. Photic zone euxinia during the Permian–Triassic superanoxic event. Siberian trap volcanism, global warming and the Permian–Triassic mass extinction: new insights from Armenian Permian–Triassic sections. Climate warming in the latest Permian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Lethally hot temperatures during the early triassic greenhouse. High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction. Initial pulse of Siberian Traps sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction. Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in Earth history. Synchrony and causal relations between Permian–Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism. As enhanced microbial activity in the ocean interior also lowers subsurface dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic values, the carbon release as inferred from isotope changes in shallow subsurface carbonates is likely overestimated, not only for this event, but perhaps for many other carbon cycle and climate perturbations through Earth’s history.Įrwin, D. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the sensitive interconnections between temperature, microbial metabolism, ocean redox state and carbon cycling during the end-Permian mass extinction. We illustrate how enhanced metabolic rates would have strengthened upper-ocean nutrient (phosphate) recycling, and thus shoaled and intensified the oxygen minimum zones, eventually causing euxinic waters to expand onto continental shelves and poison benthic habitats. Our results show that a temperature-driven increase in microbial respiration can reconcile reconstructions of the spatial distribution of euxinia and seafloor anoxia spanning the Permian–Triassic transition. Here we combine an Earth system model with global and local redox interpretations from the Permian/Triassic in an attempt to identify this causal mechanism. However, a causal mechanism for the extinction that is consistent with various proxy records of geochemical conditions through the interval has yet to be determined. Extreme warming at the end-Permian induced profound changes in marine biogeochemical cycling and animal habitability, leading to the largest metazoan extinction in Earth’s history. ![]()
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